...but most decoration was intended to be coloured, and it was often illuminated.

Strictly speaking, an "illuminated" manuscript contains gold or silver which reflects the light. A manusript with much decoration but in colours whitout actually having gold or silver is, technically, not illuminated.

Have they forgotten that those who have left for this holy war will have all their sins forgiven if they die on the way?

Qu'elle nous rende Jerusalem, notre Jerusalem....."

What's yours?

to engrave, to grave, to trace, to cut out, to carve, to impress, to imprint; to engrave, to etch, to sink , to emboss.

"Quelle nous rende Jerusalem, notre Jerosalem."

Qui n'a pas vu la route de l'aube, entre ses deux rangees d'arbres, toute fraiche, toute vivante, ne said pas ce que c'est que l'esperance.

Les couers de la chretiente s'etaient enflammes. Les difficultes innombrables, let peines, les separations and les maux a prevoir ne faisaient pas obstacle a l'embrasement irrepressible que l'appel d'Urbain II, veritable boute-feu, avait allume sure son passage. (page 25 in my book)

Sans parler des quereurs de pardon, ces professionnels du p�lerinage qui les effectuaient pour le compte d?u autre et contre remuneration.? And the sentence after it ? Page 33) Not sure what those lines mean ?

The goal of early Crusades to the East: The aedicule in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. The small structure under the dome of the rotunda encases the remains of the cave tomb which had been vandalized by the Egyptians in 1009.

This and the accompanying information come from The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades.

It may be that the evidence has not survived, but for the First Crusade there appears to have been very little advance planning on the part of the leaders. Presumably they communicated with each other and set Constantinople as the mustering point, but it does not seem that they had taken prior action over the crucial matter of supply once they had left their own lands.

Very suggestive are the clashes on reaching Byzantine territory, for example, and the fact that a negotiated settlement was reached with Emperor Alexius, concerning the furnishing of markets for provision and the security and safe-conduct of the crusaders, only on the having reached Constantinople.

Nor is there any indication that those who crossed the Adriatic had arranged shipping in advance from the various ports, and the very events of the crusade demonstrate clearly that no formal command structure had been established before departure.

Making a pilgrimage is a penitential, devotional act, requiring a frame of mind which is traditionally at the opposite end of the spectrum from that of a warrior. The intentions of eleventh pilgrims from the arms-bearing classes, who could certainly travel with splendour and panache, had been generally purely peaceful. The crusaders, on the other hand, intended war to be an integral part of the penititential exercise.

It was officially described as an expression of their love for their Christian brothers and sisters and for their God, and commitment to it was considered to be a true oblation, a sacrificial surrender of self.

In spite of its often flamboyant trappings, crusading was as much a devotional as a military activity.

made a revolutionary appeal?He took the idea, which was without precedent and made it intellectually justifiable by associating warfare with pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

The notion of treating penances as simply the symbolic demonstration of contrition to be undertaken after the sinner has been reconciled through sacramental absolution?the system which operates in the modern Catholic Church?was still undeveloped. IN the closing years of the eleventh century the belief remained that penitential acts could suffice to wash away sin.

This does much to explain the potent appeal of the First Crusade, which Urban II conceived as an act so expensive, long, and emotionally and physically arduous that it amounted to a ?satisfactolry? penance capable of undoing all the sins which intending crusaders confessed.

?avec un vocabulaire qui n'est pas simple m�me pour les gens dont la langue maternelle est le fran�ais

Dans ce livre les chretiens pensent qi'ils sont les bons, de l?autre cote les musulmans pensent que se seront eux les bons. Entre le moyen age et 2002 les chocs on0-elles changent tant que �a ?

Dans ce livre les chretiens pensent qu'ils sont les bons, de l'autre c™te les musulmans pensent que se sont eux les bons...Entre le moyen-‰ge et 2002 les choses ont-elles changees tant que �a?

En jetant son chapelet dans l'eau, Brunissen ne faisait qu'un geste rituel pour donner ˆ son p�re mort quelque chose de precieux, de cher ˆ ses yeux. En aucun temps ai-je pense qu'elle abandonna le but du voyage par ce geste lˆ. Encore aujourd'hui au Quebec, des gens deposent un chapelet dans le cerceuil de leur parents decedes.

C'est de combattants quo nous avons besoin pour nous aider a lutter contre les infid�les, not pas de familles, de maladies, d'enfants et m�me d'estropies!

contre des dents fort bien entretenues,?.

Romano-British Writing Tablets Funding: AHRB Research Grant (April 1999-March 2002) Project Directors: Dr A K Bowman, Professor J D Thomas (University of Durham) Project Staff: Dr J Pearce (Ph.D. Durham, 1999)



Of the former provinces of the Roman empire, Britain is perhaps the most prolific in producing new Latin documents. These comprise two main types. The first, well known from excavations at Vindolanda, close to Hadrian's Wall, includes wooden ink and stylus tablets, the second texts inscribed on thin sheets of metal, usually lead, commonly referred to as 'curse tablets'. Wooden tablets tend to survive only in waterlogged archaeological contexts, but lead tablets are less dependent on these particular preservation conditions and have been recovered both during archaeological excavation and as surface finds, especially in recent years through the use of metal detectors. A project based at the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) aims to publish a corpus of these lead and wooden tablets as Roman Inscriptions of Britain volume IV (RIB IV). It will compile and re-edit known texts as well as publish recent discoveries. Preparation of the corpus will include the application of new techniques of digital image enhancement to these artefacts. These techniques are being developed in collaboration with the Faculty of Engineering Science at Oxford (see project entry below) and will allow significantly improved readings of texts, indeed sometimes the first readings of texts previously considered illegible.

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Imaging Roman Stylus Tablets Funding: EPSRC Research Grant (January 1999-December 2001) Project Directors: Dr A K Bowman (CSAD) and Professor J M Brady (Department of Engineering Science) Project Staff: Dr Xiaobo Pan (Postdoctoral Researcher) Ms M Terras (Doctoral Student)



In addition to an exceptional quantity of well-preserved ink writing-tablets, Vindolanda has also produced a large number of stilus tablets; the examples discovered in the 1990s bring the total to around 200, many of which show visible remains of writing.

Very few of these, however, can be read directly. The majority of surviving stilus tablets-both from Vindolanda and in museums and collections elsewhere-remain intractable and unread because the wax surface has perished leaving only the traces of incision where the stilus penetrated the wax to the wood beneath. These incisions are often incomplete especially at the ends of strokes; they are often palimpsest; and the visibility of the text is undermined by wood grain, surface discoloration, and casual damage.

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And here is an example, it's a palimpsest, one century writing over another, and with their technology for the first time, you can read both, it's very exciting, I think:



Palimpsest texts on a stilus tablet separated using phase congruency shadow stereo.


Yellow: VECTVRAS Red: ET VECTVRAS


In thie period of time we're reading about it was common in the abbeys, parchment (the skin of animals) being scarce, to scrape away other older writings, whether or not they were considered "heathen" and put new monastic writings on them, one of the best examples of this is a wonderful palimpsest showing Cicero revealed by ultra violet imaging under St. Augustine's writing, just think what they can NOW do, this type of thing makes fresh all learning from the period, I fhink it's very exciting, myself.

ginny

The turning point in the First Crusade was the victory at Antioch on 28 June 1098, which to many of the crusaders was accomplished with the assistance of an army of angels, saints, and the ghosts of their dead, led by St. George. Not long after the battle it was depicted over the door of the church of St. George (see above) at Fordington in Dorset.

(Two pages from the end):

Tous les notres quii sont tombes le long du chemin doivent �tre ici?.